Abstract
This study examines the persistent socio-cultural barriers obstructing Saudi women’s full participation in the labour market, despite governmental initiatives to enhance their economic inclusion. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the study integrates intersectionality and Islamic feminism. Drawing on a qualitative methodology, the study draws on 36 in-depth interviews with Saudi men from three Bedouin tribes in Arar, Northern Saudi Arabia. The paper highlights how tribal identity and religious ideology shape restrictive norms that sustain gender disparities. At the core of this analysis lies the concept of “invisible rules” (hudud), implicit boundaries that govern gender segregation and restrict professional opportunities. The term ayb (shame) further reinforces these boundaries by framing women’s deviation from social expectations as moral transgression. The novelty of this study lies in its use of intersectionality to uncover the hidden causes of gender inequality and in its exploration of cultural and religious constraints from an Islamic feminist perspective. These deeply embedded social norms present a significant obstacle to governmental efforts aimed at achieving full integration of women into the labour market. By challenging entrenched structures, this study underscores the necessity of reconfiguring socio-religious norms to advance gender equality and facilitate Saudi women’s full integration into the workforce
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APA 7th edition
In-text citation: (Riahi, 2026)
Reference: Riahi, H. (2026). Intersectionality and Islamic feminism: Key tools for eradicating gender inequality in the Saudi labour market.
Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 10(1), Article 22.
https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17997
AMA 10th edition
In-text citation: (1), (2), (3), etc.
Reference: Riahi H. Intersectionality and Islamic feminism: Key tools for eradicating gender inequality in the Saudi labour market.
Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics. 2026;10(1), 22.
https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17997
Chicago
In-text citation: (Riahi, 2026)
Reference: Riahi, Hamida. "Intersectionality and Islamic feminism: Key tools for eradicating gender inequality in the Saudi labour market".
Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics 2026 10 no. 1 (2026): 22.
https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17997
Harvard
In-text citation: (Riahi, 2026)
Reference: Riahi, H. (2026). Intersectionality and Islamic feminism: Key tools for eradicating gender inequality in the Saudi labour market.
Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 10(1), 22.
https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17997
MLA
In-text citation: (Riahi, 2026)
Reference: Riahi, Hamida "Intersectionality and Islamic feminism: Key tools for eradicating gender inequality in the Saudi labour market".
Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, vol. 10, no. 1, 2026, 22.
https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17997
Vancouver
In-text citation: (1), (2), (3), etc.
Reference: Riahi H. Intersectionality and Islamic feminism: Key tools for eradicating gender inequality in the Saudi labour market. Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics. 2026;10(1):22.
https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/17997