Abstract
This systematic literature review examines research on artificial intelligence (AI) in mathematics education published between January 1, 2021, and August 1, 2025. Searches of Scopus and Google Scholar identified 922 records; after deduplication, screening, and full-text eligibility assessment, 42 peer-reviewed journal articles and conference proceedings were included. The review used descriptive quantitative summaries and a deductive-inductive thematic synthesis. Two independent reviewers conducted screening (Cohen's kappa = 0.88), and methodological quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The included literature indicates increasing attention to generative AI, personalised support, feedback, teacher practice, academic integrity, and equity. Evidence for educational benefits varies substantially across study designs and contexts, and technical capability should not be equated with demonstrated classroom effectiveness. Geographic patterns in the selected sample are described without attributing them to regulatory, economic, or infrastructural causes that were not directly tested. Because the 2025 search covered only January through August 2025, publication counts are treated as partial-year data and are not directly comparable to complete prior years. Key limitations include reliance on two databases, English- and Russian-language restrictions, reproducibility constraints in Google Scholar, methodological heterogeneity, and limited long-term evidence. Overall, AI shows potential to support mathematics teaching and learning, but stronger longitudinal and comparative evidence is needed to establish effectiveness, equity, and sustainable implementation.
- Acar, E., Yigit, F., & Deiri, Y. (2025). A focused review of artificial intelligence in education: Evolution and challenges. Journal of Interdisciplinary Research in Artificial Intelligence and Society, 1(1), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.20897/jirais/17640
- Akosah, E. F. (2025). AI-assisted collaborative learning in mathematics education: A qualitative approach. International Journal of Technology in Education and Science, 9(3), 416–433. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijtes.634
- Alhazzani, N. S. (2024). Enhancing mathematics teachers' pedagogical skills by using ChatGPT. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 7(4), 1614–1626. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v7i4.3460
- Alvarez, J. I. (2024). Evaluating the impact of AI–powered tutors MathGPT and Flexi 2.0 in enhancing calculus learning. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Terapan Universitas Jambi, 8(2), 495–508. https://doi.org/10.22437/jiituj.v8i2.34809
- Asanre, A. A., Oguntola, J. I., Ramatea, M. A., & Lawani, A. O. (2026). Enhancing mathematics retention through seeing-AI: A quasi-experimental study among visually impaired junior secondary students in Ogun State, Nigeria. European Journal of STEM Education, 11(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/18268
- Awang, L. A., Yusop, F. D., & Danaee, M. (2025). Current practices and future direction of artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A systematic review. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 20(2), Article em0823. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/16006
- Bastani, H., Bastani, O., Sungu, A., Ge, H., Kabakcı, Ö., & Mariman, R. (2025). Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: Evidence from high school mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(26), Article e2422633122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122
- Cho, M. K., & Kim, S. (2025). Analyzing AI-based educational platforms for supporting personalized mathematics learning. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 20(4), em0847. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/16664
- Dahal, N., Lamichhane, B. R., Luitel, B. C., & Pant, B. P. (2023). AI chatbots as math algorithm problem solvers: A critical evaluation of its capabilities and limitations. In Proceedings of the 28th Asian Technology Conference in Mathematics (ATCM 2023).
- Egara, F. O., & Mosimege, M. (2024). Exploring the integration of artificial intelligence-based ChatGPT into mathematics instruction: Perceptions, challenges, and implications for educators. Education Sciences, 14(7), Article 742. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14070742
- Gabriel, F., Kennedy, J., Marrone, R., & Leonard, S. (2025). Pragmatic AI in education and its role in mathematics learning and teaching. npj Science of Learning, 10(1), Article 26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-025-00315-4
- Garcia, K. F., Ong, A. K. S., Gumasing, M. J. J., & Delos Reyes, C. R. V. (2025). Engineering students' perceptions and actual use of AI-based math tools for solving mathematical problems. Acta Psychologica, 256, Article 105004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105004
- Gusti, V. Y. K., & Amastini, F. (2025). Bridging pedagogy and AI: A systematic review of deep learning in mathematics education.Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika (JPM), 11(2), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.33474/ jpm.v11i2.24319
- Hasan, M. S., & Naomee, I. (2026). ICT teaching-learning practices and barriers in rural secondary schools of Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Journal of Education and Society, 14(2), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.20897/apjes/19181
- Henkel, O., Horne-Robinson, H., Kozhakhmetova, N., & Lee, A. (2024). Effective and scalable math support: Experimental evidence on the impact of an AI-math tutor in Ghana. In A. M. Olney et al. (Eds.), Artificial intelligence in education: Posters and late breaking results (Vol. 2150, pp. 373–381). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-64315-6_34
- Hwang, G.-J., & Tu, Y.-F. (2021). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A bibliometric mapping analysis and systematic review. Mathematics, 9(6), Article 584. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/math9060584
- Inoferio, H. V., Espartero, M., Asiri, M., Damin, M., & Chavez, J. V. (2024). Coping with math anxiety and lack of confidence through AI-assisted learning. Environment and Social Psychology, 9(5), Article 2228. https://doi.org/10.54517/esp.v9i5.2228
- Inweregbuh, O. C., & Ugwuanyi, C. C. (2025). Mathematics teachers' self-efficacy in utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) tools as correlate of their professional development. African Journal of Science, Technology, Mathematics and Education (AJSTME), 11(1), 298-304.
- Jancarik, A., Novotna, J., & Michal, J. (2022). Artificial intelligence assistant for mathematics education. European Conference on E-Learning, 21(1), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.34190/ecel.21.1.783
- Kanvaria, V. K., & Yadav, A. (2024). Artificial intelligence in the classroom: Experimental research on innovative approaches to mathematics instruction. Revista Electronica de Veterinaria, 25(1), 708–716. https://doi.org/ 10.69980/redvet.v25i1.678
- Kim, Y. R., Park, M. S., & Joung, E. (2025). Exploring the integration of artificial intelligence in math education: Preservice teachers' experiences and reflections on problem‐posing activities with ChatGPT. School Science and Mathematics, 125(3), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.18336
- Lawrence, L., Echeverria, V., Yang, K., Aleven, V., & Rummel, N. (2024). How teachers conceptualise shared control with an AI co‐orchestration tool: A multiyear teacher‐centred design process. British Journal of Educational Technology, 55(3), 823–844. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13372
- Lee, J., Wang, S., & Esposito, A. G. (2025). Content Analysis of College Student Perceptions: Mental Health-Related Support from Generative AI Versus Faculty Mentors. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 9(4), 70-100. https://doi.org/10.29333/ajqr/16815
- Li, C., & Lyu, B. (2025). Investigating the motivational and knowledge affordances of conversational AI using induction, concretization and exemplification in math learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 56(5), 1814–1841. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13612
- Li, C., Xing, W., & Leite, W. (2024). Using fair AI to predict students' math learning outcomes in an online platform. Interactive Learning Environments, 32(3), 1117–1136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2115076
- Li, C., Xing, W., Song, Y., & Lyu, B. (2025). RICE AlgebraBot: Lessons learned from designing and developing responsible conversational AI using induction, concretization, and exemplification to support algebra learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, Article 100338. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.caeai.2024.100338
- Li, D., Osman, S., Alhassora, N. S. A., Amantha Kumar, J., & Kartini Said Husain, S. (2025). Empowering K-12 mathematics teachers with artificial intelligence: A systematic review of insights, applications, and challenges. IEEE Access, 13, 117198–117209. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3585784
- Lu, Y., Pian, Y., Chen, P., Meng, Q., & Cao, Y. (2021). RadarMath: An intelligent tutoring system for math education. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 35(18), 16087–16090. https://doi.org/10. 1609/aaai.v35i18.18020
- Lu, Y., Supriya, K., Shaked, S., Simmons, E. H., & Kusenko, A. (2025). Incentivizing supplemental math assignments and using AI-generated hints is associated with improved exam performance. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 21(1), Article 010160. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.21.010160
- Lyu, B., Li, C., Li, H., Oh, H., Song, Y., Zhu, W., & Xing, W. (2025). Exploring the role of teachable AI agents' personality traits in shaping student interaction and learning in mathematics education. Proceedings of the 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 887–894. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706468.3706532
- Martin, C. (2026). Multimodal vocabulary instruction for English language learners: From interactive whiteboards to artificial intelligence. European Journal of Education & Language Review, 2(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejelr/18945
- Mohamed, M. Z. B., Hidayat, R., Suhaizi, N. N. B., Sabri, N. B. M., Mahmud, M. K. H. B., & Baharuddin, S. N. B. (2022). Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A systematic literature review. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 17(3), Article em0694. https://doi.org/10.29333/iejme/12132
- Mondal, S., Khatua, D., Mandal, S., Prasad, D. K., & Sekh, A. A. (2025). BMWP: The first Bengali math word problems dataset for operation prediction and solving. Discover Artificial Intelligence, 5(1), Article 25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00243-7
- Moratti, S., Hellstrand, I., Bruijning, N., & Søraa, R. A. (2026). Gender imaginaries in sci-fi and real-life AI and the ongoing relevance of second-wave feminism. Feminist Encounters: A Journal of Critical Studies in Culture and Politics, 10(2), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/18844
- Nguyen, D. T., & Pham, Q. V. (2025). The evolving landscape of AI integration in mathematics education: A systematic review of trends (2015–2025). Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 21(10), Article em2714. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/17078
- Oh, S. (2025). Integration of MATH41 and generative AI in pre-service mathematics teacher education: An empirical study on lesson design competency. IEEE Access, 13, 128959–128973. https://doi.org/10.1109/ ACCESS.2025.3586593
- Olarewaju, A. O., Moshood, A., & Awoyemi, S. A. (2025). Pre-service teachers' awareness and utilization of AI tools in mathematics education: Evidence from Kwara State, Nigeria. Al-Hikmah Journal of Education, 12(1), 45–60.
- Otero, N., Druga, S., & Lan, A. (2025). A benchmark for math misconceptions: Bridging gaps in middle school algebra with AI-supported instruction. Discover Education, 4(1), Article 277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44217-025-00742-w
- Oğuz Haçat, S., & Kepceoğlu, İ. (2025). Help of ChatGPT about math skills on the subjects of social studies. The Journal of Educational Research, 118(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2025.2510389
- Panqueban, D., & Huincahue, J. (2024). Inteligencia artificial en educación matemática: Una revisión sistemática [Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A systematic review]. Uniciencia, 38(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.15359/ru.38-1.20
- Parra, V., Sureda, P., Corica, A., Schiaffino, S., & Godoy, D. (2024). Can generative AI solve geometry problems? Strengths and weaknesses of LLMs for geometric reasoning in Spanish. International Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Artificial Intelligence, 8(5), 65. https://doi.org/10.9781/ijimai.2024.02.009
- Schorcht, S., Buchholtz, N., & Baumanns, L. (2024). Prompt the problem – Investigating the mathematics educational quality of AI-supported problem solving by comparing prompt techniques. Frontiers in Education, 9, Article 1386075. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1386075
- Song, Y., Kim, J., Xing, W., Liu, Z., Li, C., & Oh, H. (2025). Elementary school students' and teachers' perceptions toward creative mathematical writing with Generative AI. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 57(2), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2025.2455057
- Song, Y., Li, C., Xing, W., Lyu, B., & Zhu, W. (2025). Investigating perceived fairness of AI prediction system for math learning: A mixed-methods study with college students. The Internet and Higher Education, 65, Article 101000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2025.101000
- Spreitzer, C., Straser, O., Zehetmeier, S., & Maaß, K. (2024). Mathematical modelling abilities of artificial intelligence tools: The case of ChatGPT. Education Sciences, 14(7), Article 698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ educsci14070698
- Sultan, Y., Dautova, G., & Dalle, J. (2025). Examining the Relationship Among Artificial Intelligence Literacy, Cultural Literacy, and Intercultural Communication Proficiency of Philology Students. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 12(5), 345–362. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/2839
- Sutomo, W. A. B., & Turmudi, T. (2025). Integration of artificial intelligence in mathematics learning: Systematic literature review. SJME (Supremum Journal of Mathematics Education), 9(1), 29–41. https://doi.org/10.35706/ sjme.v9i1.100
- Tashtoush, M. A., Qasimi, A. B., Shirawia, N. H., & Hussein, L. A. (2025). The efficacy of utilizing artificial intelligence techniques in developing critical thinking in mathematics among secondary school students and their attitudes toward it. Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, 6(1), 102–115. https://doi.org/10.52866/2788-7421.1231
- Tashtoush, M. A., Wardat, Y., Ali, R. A., & Saleh, S. (2024). Artificial intelligence in education: Mathematics teachers' perspectives, practices and challenges. Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, 5(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.52866/ijcsm.2024.05.01.004
- Thapa Magar, A., Shakya, A., Fancsali, S. E., Rus, V., Murphy, A., Ritter, S., & Venugopal, D. (2025). "Can a language model represent math strategies?": Learning math strategies from big data using BERT. Proceedings of the 15th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference, 655–666. https://doi.org/10.1145/ 3706468.3706558
- Topali, P., Coetsier, N., & Molenaar, I. (2025). Engaging math teachers as co-designers of a classroom analytics dashboard. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3995, 112–119.
- Udias, A., Alonso-Ayuso, A., Alfaro, C., Algar, M. J., Cuesta, M., Fernández-Isabel, A., Gómez, J., Lancho, C., Cano, E. L., Martín De Diego, I., & Ortega, F. (2024). ChatGPT's performance in university admissions tests in mathematics. International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education, 19(4), Article em0795. https://doi.org/ 10.29333/iejme/15517
- Uğraş, H., Uğraş, M., Papadakis, S., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2024). ChatGPT-supported education in primary schools: The potential of ChatGPT for sustainable practices. Sustainability, 16(22), 9855. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su16229855
- Wang, X., & Wei, Y. (2025). The influence of Gen‐AI assisted learning on primary school students' math anxiety: An intervention study. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 39(4), Article e70088. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.70088
- Wardat, Y., Tashtoush, M. A., AlAli, R., & Jarrah, A. M. (2023). ChatGPT: A revolutionary tool for teaching and learning mathematics. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(7), Article em2286. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/13272
- Yi, L., Liu, D., Jiang, T., & Xian, Y. (2025). The effectiveness of AI on K-12 students' mathematics learning: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 23(4), 1105–1126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-024-10499-7
- Zacharis, G., & Papadakis, S. (2025). Can AI grade like a human? Validity, reliability, and fairness in university coursework assessment. Educational Process: International Journal, 19, Article e2025591. https://doi.org/10. 22521/edupij.2025.19.591
- Zhang, F., Li, C., Henkel, O., Xing, W., Baral, S., Heffernan, N., & Li, H. (2025). Math-LLMs: AI cyberinfrastructure with pre-trained transformers for math education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 35(2), 509–532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-024-00416-y
- Şimşek, N. (2025). Integration of ChatGPT in mathematical story-focused 5E lesson planning: Teachers and pre-service teachers' interactions with ChatGPT. Education and Information Technologies, 30(8), 11391–11462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13258-x
APA 7th edition
In-text citation: (Omirzakova & Tleubai, 2026)
Reference: Omirzakova, F., & Tleubai, S. S. (2026). Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A PRISMA-based systematic literature review (2021-2025).
European Journal of STEM Education, 11(1), Article 43.
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/19221
AMA 10th edition
In-text citation: (1), (2), (3), etc.
Reference: Omirzakova F, Tleubai SS. Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A PRISMA-based systematic literature review (2021-2025).
European Journal of STEM Education. 2026;11(1), 43.
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/19221
Chicago
In-text citation: (Omirzakova and Tleubai, 2026)
Reference: Omirzakova, Fariza, and Sarsenkul Sh. Tleubai. "Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A PRISMA-based systematic literature review (2021-2025)".
European Journal of STEM Education 2026 11 no. 1 (2026): 43.
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/19221
Harvard
In-text citation: (Omirzakova and Tleubai, 2026)
Reference: Omirzakova, F., and Tleubai, S. S. (2026). Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A PRISMA-based systematic literature review (2021-2025).
European Journal of STEM Education, 11(1), 43.
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/19221
MLA
In-text citation: (Omirzakova and Tleubai, 2026)
Reference: Omirzakova, Fariza et al. "Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A PRISMA-based systematic literature review (2021-2025)".
European Journal of STEM Education, vol. 11, no. 1, 2026, 43.
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/19221
Vancouver
In-text citation: (1), (2), (3), etc.
Reference: Omirzakova F, Tleubai SS. Artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A PRISMA-based systematic literature review (2021-2025). European Journal of STEM Education. 2026;11(1):43.
https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/19221